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(6899) Al-Qasama [the oath taken by fifty people (of the dfendant) regarding a murder case when no evidence is avaliable]
حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بِشْرٍ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْأَسَدِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا الْحَجَّاجُ بْنُ أَبِي عُثْمَانَ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو رَجَاءٍ مِنْ آلِ أَبِي قِلَابَةَ،حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو قِلَابَةَ: أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَبْرَزَ سَرِيرَهُ يَوْمًا لِلنَّاسِ، ثُمَّ أَذِنَ لَهُمْ، فَدَخَلُوا، فَقَالَ: مَا تَقُولُونَ فِي الْقَسَامَةِ؟، قَالَ: نَقُولُ: الْقَسَامَةُ الْقَوَدُ بِهَا حَقٌّ، وَقَدْ أَقَادَتْ بِهَا الْخُلَفَاءُ، قَالَ لِي: مَا تَقُولُ يَا أَبَا قِلَابَةَ؟، وَنَصَبَنِي لِلنَّاسِ، فَقُلْتُ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ: عِنْدَكَ رُءُوسُ الْأَجْنَادِ وَأَشْرَافُ الْعَرَبِ، أَرَأَيْتَ لَوْ أَنَّ خَمْسِينَ مِنْهُمْ شَهِدُوا عَلَى رَجُلٍ مُحْصَنٍ بِدِمَشْقَ أَنَّهُ قَدْ زَنَى لَمْ يَرَوْهُ، أَكُنْتَ تَرْجُمُهُ؟، قَالَ: لَا، قُلْتُ: أَرَأَيْتَ لَوْ أَنَّ خَمْسِينَ مِنْهُمْ شَهِدُوا عَلَى رَجُلٍ بِحِمْصَ أَنَّهُ سَرَقَ، أَكُنْتَ تَقْطَعُهُ وَلَمْ يَرَوْهُ؟، قَالَ: لَا، قُلْتُ: فَوَاللَّهِ"مَا قَتَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَحَدًا قَطُّ إِلَّا فِي إِحْدَى ثَلَاثِ خِصَالٍ: رَجُلٌ قَتَلَ بِجَرِيرَةِ نَفْسِهِ فَقُتِلَ، أَوْ رَجُلٌ زَنَى بَعْدَ إِحْصَانٍ، أَوْ رَجُلٌ حَارَبَ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَارْتَدَّ عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ"، فَقَالَ الْقَوْمُ: أَوَلَيْسَ قَدْ حَدَّثَ أَنَسُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: قَطَعَ فِي السَّرَقِ، وَسَمَرَ الْأَعْيُنَ، ثُمَّ نَبَذَهُمْ فِي الشَّمْسِ، فَقُلْتُ: أَنَا أُحَدِّثُكُمْ حَدِيثَ أَنَسٍ، حَدَّثَنِي أَنَسٌ: أَنَّ نَفَرًا مِنْ عُكْلٍ ثَمَانِيَةً قَدِمُوا عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَبَايَعُوهُ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، فَاسْتَوْخَمُوا الْأَرْضَ، فَسَقِمَتْ أَجْسَامُهُمْ، فَشَكَوْا ذَلِكَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، قَالَ: أَفَلَا تَخْرُجُونَ مَعَ رَاعِينَا فِي إِبِلِهِ فَتُصِيبُونَ مِنْ أَلْبَانِهَا وَأَبْوَالِهَا، قَالُوا: بَلَى، فَخَرَجُوا، فَشَرِبُوا مِنْ أَلْبَانِهَا وَأَبْوَالِهَا، فَصَحُّوا، فَقَتَلُوا رَاعِيَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَأَطْرَدُوا النَّعَمَ، فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَأَرْسَلَ فِي آثَارِهِمْ، فَأُدْرِكُوا، فَجِيءَ بِهِمْ، فَأَمَرَ بِهِمْ، فَقُطِّعَتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَأَرْجُلُهُمْ، وَسَمَرَ أَعْيُنَهُمْ، ثُمَّ نَبَذَهُمْ فِي الشَّمْسِ حَتَّى مَاتُوا، قُلْتُ: وَأَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَشَدُّ مِمَّا صَنَعَ هَؤُلَاءِ، ارْتَدُّوا عَنِ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَقَتَلُوا، وَسَرَقُوا، فَقَالَ عَنْبَسَةُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ: وَاللَّهِ إِنْ سَمِعْتُ كَالْيَوْمِ قَطُّ، فَقُلْتُ: أَتَرُدُّ عَلَيَّ حَدِيثِي يَا عَنْبَسَةُ، قَالَ، لَا، وَلَكِنْ جِئْتَ بِالْحَدِيثِ عَلَى وَجْهِهِ، وَاللَّهِ لَا يَزَالُ هَذَا الْجُنْدُ بِخَيْرٍ مَا عَاشَ هَذَا الشَّيْخُ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِهِمْ، قُلْتُ: وَقَدْ كَانَ فِي هَذَا سُنَّةٌ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، دَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ نَفَرٌ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، فَتَحَدَّثُوا عِنْدَهُ، فَخَرَجَ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ، فَقُتِلَ، فَخَرَجُوا بَعْدَهُ، فَإِذَا هُمْ بِصَاحِبِهِمْ يَتَشَحَّطُ فِي الدَّمِ، فَرَجَعُوا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، صَاحِبُنَا كَانَ تَحَدَّثَ مَعَنَا، فَخَرَجَ بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا فَإِذَا نَحْنُ بِهِ يَتَشَحَّطُ فِي الدَّمِ، فَخَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَالَ: بِمَنْ تَظُنُّونَ أَوْ مَنْ تَرَوْنَ قَتَلَهُ؟ قَالُوا: نَرَى أَنَّ الْيَهُودَ قَتَلَتْهُ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى الْيَهُودِ فَدَعَاهُمْ، فَقَالَ: أَنْتُمْ قَتَلْتُمْ هَذَا؟ قَالُوا: لَا، قَالَ: أَتَرْضَوْنَ نَفَلَ خَمْسِينَ مِنَ الْيَهُودِ مَا قَتَلُوهُ؟، فَقَالُوا: مَا يُبَالُونَ أَنْ يَقْتُلُونَا أَجْمَعِينَ ثُمَّ يَنْتَفِلُونَ، قَالَ: أَفَتَسْتَحِقُّونَ الدِّيَةَ بِأَيْمَانِ خَمْسِينَ مِنْكُمْ؟"، قَالُوا: مَا كُنَّا لِنَحْلِفَ، فَوَدَاهُ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ، قُلْتُ: وَقَدْ كَانَتْ هُذَيْلٌ خَلَعُوا خَلِيعًا لَهُمْ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ، فَطَرَقَ أَهْلَ بَيْتٍ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ بِالْبَطْحَاءِ، فَانْتَبَهَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ، فَحَذَفَهُ بِالسَّيْفِ، فَقَتَلَهُ، فَجَاءَتْ هُذَيْلٌ، فَأَخَذُوا الْيَمَانِيَّ، فَرَفَعُوهُ إِلَى عُمَرَ بِالْمَوْسِمِ، وَقَالُوا: قَتَلَ صَاحِبَنَا، فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُمْ قَدْ خَلَعُوهُ، فَقَالَ: يُقْسِمُ خَمْسُونَ مِنْ هُذَيْلٍ مَا خَلَعُوهُ، قَالَ: فَأَقْسَمَ مِنْهُمْ تِسْعَةٌ وَأَرْبَعُونَ رَجُلًا، وَقَدِمَ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ مِنَ الشَّأْمِ فَسَأَلُوهُ أَنْ يُقْسِمَ، فَافْتَدَى يَمِينَهُ مِنْهُمْ بِأَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، فَأَدْخَلُوا مَكَانَهُ رَجُلًا آخَرَ، فَدَفَعَهُ إِلَى أَخِي الْمَقْتُولِ، فَقُرِنَتْ يَدُهُ بِيَدِهِ، قَالُوا: فَانْطَلَقَا وَالْخَمْسُونَ الَّذِينَ أَقْسَمُوا حَتَّى إِذَا كَانُوا بِنَخْلَةَ أَخَذَتْهُمُ السَّمَاءُ، فَدَخَلُوا فِي غَارٍ فِي الْجَبَلِ، فَانْهَجَمَ الْغَارُ عَلَى الْخَمْسِينَ الَّذِينَ أَقْسَمُوا، فَمَاتُوا جَمِيعًا، وَأَفْلَتَ الْقَرِينَانِ وَاتَّبَعَهُمَا حَجَرٌ، فَكَسَرَ رِجْلَ أَخِي الْمَقْتُولِ، فَعَاشَ حَوْلًا ثُمَّ مَاتَ، قُلْتُ: وَقَدْ كَانَ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ أَقَادَ رَجُلًا بِالْقَسَامَةِ، ثُمَّ نَدِمَ بَعْدَ مَا صَنَعَ، فَأَمَرَ بِالْخَمْسِينَ الَّذِينَ أَقْسَمُوا، فَمُحُوا مِنَ الدِّيوَانِ وَسَيَّرَهُمْ إِلَى الشَّأْمِ.
SAHIH HADITH:
Narrated Abu Qilaba: Once `Umar bin `Abdul `Aziz sat on his throne in the courtyard of his house so that the people might gather before him. Then he admitted them and (when they came in), he said, What do you think of Al-Qasama? They said, We say that it is lawful to depend on Al-Qasama in Qisas, as the previous Muslim Caliphs carried out Qisas depending on it. Then he said to me, O Abu Qilaba! What do you say about it? He let me appear before the people and I said, O Chief of the Believers! You have the chiefs of the army staff and the nobles of the Arabs. If fifty of them testified that a married man had committed illegal sexual intercourse in Damascus but they had not seen him (doing so), would you stone him? He said, No. I said, If fifty of them testified that a man had committed theft in Hums, would you cut off his hand though they did not see him? He replied, No. I said, By Allah, Allah's Apostle never killed anyone except in one of the following three situations: (1) A person who killed somebody unjustly, was killed (in Qisas,) (2) a married person who committed illegal sexual intercourse and (3) a man who fought against Allah and His Apostle and deserted Islam and became an apostate. Then the people said, Didn't Anas bin Malik narrate that Allah's Apostle cut off the hands of the thieves, branded their eyes and then, threw them in the sun? I said, I shall tell you the narration of Anas. Anas said: Eight persons from the tribe of `Ukl came to Allah's Apostle and gave the Pledge of allegiance for Islam (became Muslim). The climate of the place (Medina) did not suit them, so they became sick and complained about that to Allah's Apostle. He said (to them ), Won't you go out with the shepherd of our camels and drink of the camels' milk and urine (as medicine)? They said, Yes. So they went out and drank the camels' milk and urine, and after they became healthy, they killed the shepherd of Allah's Apostle and took away all the camels. This news reached Allah's Apostle , so he sent (men) to follow their traces and they were captured and brought (to the Prophet). He then ordered to cut their hands and feet, and their eyes were branded with heated pieces of iron, and then he threw them in the sun till they died. I said, What can be worse than what those people did? They deserted Islam, committed murder and theft. Then 'Anbasa bin Sa`id said, By Allah, I never heard a narration like this of today. I said, O 'Anbasa! You deny my narration? 'Anbasa said, No, but you have related the narration in the way it should be related. By Allah, these people are in welfare as long as this Sheikh (Abu Qilaba) is among them. I added, Indeed in this event there has been a tradition set by Allah's Apostle. The narrator added: Some Ansari people came to the Prophet and discussed some matters with him, a man from amongst them went out and was murdered. Those people went out after him, and behold, their companion was swimming in blood. They returned to Allah's Apostle and said to him, O Allah's Apostle, we have found our companion who had talked with us and gone out before us, swimming in blood (killed). Allah's Apostle went out and asked them, Whom do you suspect or whom do you think has killed him? They said, We think that the Jews have killed him. The Prophet sent for the Jews and asked them, Did you kill this (person)? They replied, No. He asked the Al-Ansars, Do you agree that I let fifty Jews take an oath that they have not killed him? They said, It matters little for the Jews to kill us all and then take false oaths. He said, Then would you like to receive the Diya after fifty of you have taken an oath (that the Jews have killed your man)? They said, We will not take the oath. Then the Prophet himself paid them the Diya (Blood-money). The narrator added, The tribe of Hudhail repudiated one of their men (for his evil conduct) in the Pre-lslamic period of Ignorance. Then, at a place called Al-Batha' (near Mecca), the man attacked a Yemenite family at night to steal from them, but a. man from the family noticed him and struck him with his sword and killed him. The tribe of Hudhail came and captured the Yemenite and brought him to `Umar during the Hajj season and said, He has killed our companion. The Yemenite said, But these people had repudiated him (i.e., their companion). `Umar said, Let fifty persons of Hudhail swear that they had not repudiated him. So forty-nine of them took the oath and then a person belonging to them, came from Sham and they requested him to swear similarly, but he paid one-thousand Dirhams instead of taking the oath. They called another man instead of him and the new man shook hands with the brother of the deceased. Some people said, We and those fifty men who had taken false oaths (Al-Qasama) set out, and when they reached a place called Nakhlah, it started raining so they entered a cave in the mountain, and the cave collapsed on those fifty men who took the false oath, and all of them died except the two persons who had shaken hands with each other. They escaped death but a stone fell on the leg of the brother of the deceased and broke it, whereupon he survived for one year and then died. I further said, `Abdul Malik bin Marwan sentenced a man to death in Qisas (equality in punishment) for murder, basing his judgment on Al-Qasama, but later on he regretted that judgment and ordered that the names of the fifty persons who had taken the oath (Al-Qasama), be erased from the register, and he exiled them in Sham.
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